The current understanding of U.S. government shutdowns is a recent development, stemming from a revised interpretation of the Antideficiency Act of 1884. Historically, brief funding lapses did not halt government services. However, in 1980 and 1981, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti's legal opinions introduced a stricter interpretation, requiring agencies to cease all non-essential operations during funding gaps. The only exceptions are activities critical for "the safety of human life or the protection of property."